英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)
總結(jié)是在某一時(shí)期、某一項(xiàng)目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后進(jìn)行回顧檢查、分析評(píng)價(jià),從而得出教訓(xùn)和一些規(guī)律性認(rèn)識(shí)的一種書面材料,它可使零星的、膚淺的、表面的感性認(rèn)知上升到全面的、系統(tǒng)的、本質(zhì)的理性認(rèn)識(shí)上來(lái),因此我們要做好歸納,寫好總結(jié)。那么你真的懂得怎么寫總結(jié)嗎?下面是小編精心整理的英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié),歡迎大家借鑒與參考,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)1
名詞指代物體、事物和人,例如:電腦、椅子、沙灘、門警等等。名詞是英語(yǔ)中八大詞類之一。指代物體的可數(shù)名詞有兩種形式:?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式。本篇關(guān)于名詞復(fù)數(shù)的指南可以幫助你理解名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則形式和不規(guī)則形式。在英語(yǔ)中,需要學(xué)習(xí)的還有動(dòng)詞的不規(guī)則形式、以及與名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式很相似的形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
普通的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式——加上-s
對(duì)于大多數(shù)名詞來(lái)說(shuō),只需要在詞尾加上-s。
單數(shù)名詞+s=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
computer -> computers
(電腦)
bag -> bags
(包)
book -> books
(書)
table -> tables
(桌)
house -> houses
(房子)
car -> cars
(汽車)
student -> students
(學(xué)生)
place -> places
(地點(diǎn))
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式-以輔音+y結(jié)尾的名詞
以輔音+y結(jié)尾的名詞,去掉y,詞尾加上ies。
以y結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞+ies=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
baby -> babies
(寶貝)
party -> parties
(聚會(huì))
paddy -> paddies
(稻田)
hobby -> hobbies
(習(xí)慣)
lady -> ladies
(女士)
ferry -> ferries
(渡輪)
sherry -> sherries
(雪莉酒)
dandy -> dandies
(花花公子)
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式——以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z[/cn]
以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結(jié)尾的名詞,在詞尾加上es。
以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結(jié)尾的'名詞+es=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
beach -> beaches
(沙灘)
box -> boxes
(箱子)
church -> churches
(教堂)
buzz -> buzzes
(嗡嗡聲)
loss -> losses
(損失)
fox -> foxes
(狐貍)
watch -> watches
(手表)
dress -> dresses
(裙子)
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式——以o結(jié)尾的名詞
許多以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞,o后面會(huì)在s前再加上一個(gè)e。
不幸的是,也有很多以o結(jié)尾的名詞不需要做出改動(dòng)。首先,這里有一些需要做出改動(dòng)的例子。
以輔音+o結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞+es=復(fù)數(shù)形式
tomato -> tomatoes
(番茄)
hero -> heroes
(英雄)
zero -> zeroes
(零)
potato -> potatoes
(土豆)
echo -> echoes
(回聲)
其他以輔音+0結(jié)尾的名詞不需要在詞尾加上-es。
以元音+o結(jié)尾的名詞不需要做出改動(dòng)
kilo -> kilos
(公斤)
radio -> radios
(收音機(jī))
logo -> logos
(邏輯)
piano -> pianos
(鋼琴)
solo -> solos
(獨(dú)奏曲)
cargo -> cargos
(貨物)
halo -> halos
(光暈)
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)2
1,一般加s,例如:pen---pens
2,以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾加es,例如:bus—buses,brush—brushes,watch—watches,box—boxes
3,以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,去掉y為I加es例如:baby---babies
4,以f,fe結(jié)尾,去掉f,fe加ves life---lives,leaf---leaves
5,以有生命的o結(jié)尾加es例如:hero---heroes,tomato---tomatoes,potato---potatoes,mango---mangoes
6,復(fù)合名詞遇見(jiàn)man,woman兩個(gè)詞時(shí),兩個(gè)名詞都要加復(fù)數(shù)A man teacher---two men teachers
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)3
數(shù)詞時(shí)刻的表達(dá)法:
一、 整點(diǎn)法:如果時(shí)間是整點(diǎn),就用“鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)+o’clock”來(lái)表示。o’clock可省略。如:8:00可讀作eight
o’clock或eight
二、順讀法:順讀法,也叫直接讀法,此方法用于既有鐘點(diǎn)數(shù),又有分鐘數(shù)的時(shí)間,通常先讀“鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”,再讀分鐘數(shù)。如:7:20讀作seven-twenty
三、倒讀法:此方法是“先讀分鐘數(shù)”,再讀“鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”,使用此方法要注意兩點(diǎn):
1、如果分鐘數(shù)在30以內(nèi),就用“分鐘數(shù)+past+鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”表示,介詞past意為“過(guò)”。如:6:10讀作ten past six.
2、當(dāng)分鐘數(shù)正好是“三十分鐘”時(shí),可用“順讀法”中的“鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)+thirty”,也可用“half+past+鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”.如:7:30可讀作seven
thirty 或 half past seven.
3、如果分鐘數(shù)超過(guò)30,則用“(60-分鐘數(shù))+ to +(鐘點(diǎn)數(shù) + 1)”來(lái)表示,介詞to 為“差”的.意思。如:6:35讀作twenty-five
to seven (差二十五分鐘到七點(diǎn))
在“倒讀法”中,當(dāng)分鐘數(shù)涉及到“15分鐘”時(shí),一般不用fifteen,而用a quarter(一刻鐘)來(lái)表示。如:10:15讀作a quarter
past ten (一般不讀 fifteen past ten)
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)4
一.名詞
名詞的種類:
名詞的數(shù):
規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es,F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:
不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):
英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:
名詞的所有格:
名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成,二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。
’s所有格的構(gòu)成:
’s所有格的用法:
of所有格的用法:
用于無(wú)生命的`東西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí):the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名詞化的詞:the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an),定冠詞(the),和零冠詞。
不定冠詞的用法:
定冠詞的用法:
零冠詞的用法:
三.代詞:
代詞可以分為以下七大類:
不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn):
one, some與any:
1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。
One should learn to think of
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any
I have some questions to
2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù),或者表示建議,請(qǐng)求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me somemoney?
3) some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí),some表示某個(gè),any表示任何一個(gè)。
I have read this article in some Please correct the mistakes, if
4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”,any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this Doyou feel any better today?
each和every:
each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別,代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上,而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。
Each student has a pocket / Each (of us) has / We each have a
Every student has strong and weak / Every one of us hasstrong and weak
none和no:
no等于not any,作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。
There is no water in the
How much water is there in the bottle?
None of the students are (is) afraid of
other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的,別的”常與其他詞連用,如:theother day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè),復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如:
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed
2) another指“又一個(gè),另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指,復(fù)數(shù)形式是others,泛指“別的人或事”如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair /
Some like football, while others like
all和both, neither和either
all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和
All of the books are not written in / Not all ofthe books are written in
Both of us are not / Not both of us are Either of us is a
四.形容詞和副詞
形容詞:
形容詞的位置:
1)形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置,但在下列情況后置:
2)多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序:
3)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成:
副詞
副詞的分類:
形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí):
形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí),比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est,多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。
同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I amnot so good a player as you
可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, alittle, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will
用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如:I have never spent a moreworrying
表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:
Our school is three times larger than school is fourtimes as large as school is four times the size of
表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如:favourite,excellent, extreme, perfect。
五.介詞
介詞分類:
常用介詞區(qū)別:
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)5
I.要點(diǎn)
表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí),或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況,而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語(yǔ)中。
1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成
如:與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were to +動(dòng)詞原形,表示下雨的.可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加強(qiáng)表示“當(dāng)初沒(méi)想到以后的事”)
注:
(1)如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had, should, could有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時(shí)間條件句的用法:
有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式,應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表達(dá)的具體時(shí)間來(lái)決定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過(guò)去,主句敘述現(xiàn)在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在,從句敘述過(guò)去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be變were )或had +過(guò)去分詞。”如:
She looked as if she were ill.(實(shí)際上她沒(méi)有病,在這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)語(yǔ)比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表現(xiàn)他的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好)
2、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用
(1)在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等,其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省) +動(dòng)詞原形",常用于以下三種句型中。
句型一:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表語(yǔ)從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或"should +動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如:
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)6
關(guān)于介詞,千萬(wàn)不要小看他們,你的英文是否標(biāo)準(zhǔn),看介詞使用,就一目了然,今天就來(lái)幫你學(xué)會(huì)兩個(gè)介詞In & At。
基本定義
In——在…。內(nèi)部
At——開(kāi)放的`地點(diǎn),無(wú)論在內(nèi)在外,但是對(duì)于城市,國(guó)家,城鎮(zhèn)不可以
在咖啡館
In the coffee shop
At the coffee shop
在北京
In Beijing
At Beijing ×
錯(cuò)誤理由:對(duì)于城市,國(guó)家,城鎮(zhèn)不可以用At
在辦公室
In the office
At the office
那么現(xiàn)在來(lái)看標(biāo)題中的答案
I'm in home ×
I'm at home
錯(cuò)誤理由:At home是固定用法
使用In一定要說(shuō)In sb's home在某人家里
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)7
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有具體的詞義,但也同助動(dòng)詞一樣,需要與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語(yǔ),另外情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后必須跟動(dòng)詞原形。
(一) 10個(gè)最重要情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法
can
、疟硎灸芰,一般譯為“能、會(huì)”,尤其指生來(lái)具備的能力。
She can swim fast, but I can’t .
她會(huì)游泳,但我不會(huì)。
⑵表示許可,常在口語(yǔ)中。
You can use my
你可以使用我的詞典。
、潜硎就茰y(cè),意為“可能”,常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中,此時(shí)can’t譯為“不可能”。
Can the news be true?
這個(gè)消息可能是真的嗎?
It can’t be our He is on a visit to the Great
不可能是我們老師。他正在參觀長(zhǎng)城呢。
could
、 can的過(guò)去式,意為“能、會(huì)”,表示過(guò)去的能力。
He could write poems when he was
他十歲的時(shí)候就會(huì)寫詩(shī)。
、 could在疑問(wèn)句中,表示委婉請(qǐng)求的語(yǔ)氣,此時(shí)could沒(méi)有過(guò)去式的意思。
Could you do me a favour?
你可以幫我一個(gè)忙嗎?
—Could I use your pen?我可以使用你的鋼筆嗎?
—Yes, you (注意回答)可以。
may
、疟硎菊(qǐng)求、許可,比can正式,May I borrow your bike?
我可以借用你的自行車嗎?
You may go home
你現(xiàn)在可以回家了。
、票硎就茰y(cè),談?wù)摽赡苄,意為“可能,或許”,一般用于肯定句中。
It may rain tomorrow .
明天可能會(huì)下雨。
、 may的過(guò)去式為might。might也可以表示可能性低于may(此時(shí)might沒(méi)有過(guò)去式的意思)。
He is away from He might be
他離開(kāi)學(xué)校了。也許是病了。
、缺硎鞠M、祈求、祝愿,?勺g為“祝愿”。通常是用may +主+V
May you have a good time!
祝你玩的愉快!
May you be happy!
祝你快樂(lè)!
May you succeed!
祝你成功!
must
、 must表示主觀看法,意為“必須”。
You must stay here until I come
你必須待在這里,直到我回來(lái)。
Must I hand in my homework right now?
我現(xiàn)在必須要交作業(yè)嗎?
、茖(duì)must引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句,肯定回答為must,否定回答為needn’t或don’t have to .
—Must I finish my homework?我必須完成作業(yè)嗎?
—No, you needn’不,你不必。
⑶ must也可以表示有把握的推測(cè),意為“一定,肯定”,用于肯定句。
The light is on, so he must be at home
燈開(kāi)著,所以他現(xiàn)在一定在家。
⑷其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止,不許”。
You mustn’t play with
你不許玩火。
You mustn’t be
你不許遲到。
注意:其反意問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成形式:
當(dāng)must表示肯定的判斷、推測(cè)時(shí),其反意疑問(wèn)句要用實(shí)際問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞來(lái)構(gòu)成。
She must have seen the film before,hasn’t she?(注意反意疑問(wèn)句的后半部分)
她之前一定看過(guò)這部電影,難道沒(méi)有嗎?
You must have met uncle Wang in the shop yesterday,didn’t you? (注意反意疑問(wèn)句的后半部分)
你昨天一定在商店見(jiàn)到王叔叔了,難道沒(méi)有嗎?
need
、 need表示需要,主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中,其否定形式為needn’t,意為“不必”。
用need提問(wèn)時(shí),肯定回答為must,否定回答為needn’t或don’t have to。
—Need I stay here any longer?我需要待在這里嗎?
—Yes, you must .是的,你必須。
— you needn’t /don’t have不,你不必。
(2) need還可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,此時(shí)有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,如果是人作主語(yǔ)后邊多接動(dòng)詞不定式。
I need to do it right
我需要現(xiàn)在做這件事。
注意:如果是物作主語(yǔ),一般用need doing與need to be done,這種情況下應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn):
、僦鲃(dòng)形式的動(dòng)名詞doing具有被動(dòng)的含義;
、谠搫(dòng)名詞可以改為其動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式而句子的意義不變。
The door needs = The door needs to be
門需要被油漆。
dare
dare意為“敢、敢于”,用法近似于need,有兩種詞性:
、 dare作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,多用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句中,無(wú)第三人稱單數(shù)形式,只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
Dare he tell them what he knows?
他敢告訴他們他知道的事情嗎?
I daren’t ask Will you do it for me?
我不敢問(wèn)她。你可以為我問(wèn)嗎?
、 dare作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,此時(shí)有人稱、數(shù)及時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
He doesn’t dare to break his
他不敢違背承諾。
注意:口語(yǔ)中,dare的各種形式常與不帶to的不定式連用。
Do you dare tell her what I said?
你敢告訴她我說(shuō)的.話嗎?
shall
shall表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)(多用于第一、三人稱)
Shall we go out for a walk?
我們出去散步好嗎?
Shall the driver wait outside?
司機(jī)在外面等好嗎?
should
⑴ should意為“應(yīng)該”,可表示勸告、建議、義務(wù)、責(zé)任等。
We should protect the
我們應(yīng)該保護(hù)環(huán)境。
⑵ Should have done意為”本應(yīng)該做某事而沒(méi)做“,表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的責(zé)備、批評(píng)。
You should have finished your
你本應(yīng)該完成作業(yè)的。(實(shí)際上沒(méi)有)
will
will表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多種人稱。
I will help you if I’m free this
如果下午有空,我會(huì)幫你的。
had better
had better意為“最好”,沒(méi)有人稱的變化,后面接不帶to的不定式,其否定形式為:had better not。
We had better go
你最好現(xiàn)在去。
(二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + done (動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞)。做題時(shí)要兼顧情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)這兩個(gè)方面。
三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)的用法
can表示對(duì)具體事物的推測(cè)時(shí)一般用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。
That man can't be her She is still
那個(gè)人一定不是她丈夫。她還是單身。
注意:can表推測(cè)用于肯定句時(shí),不能指對(duì)具體事物的推測(cè),而是表示事物的屬性特征。
The British people can talk about weather when they
英國(guó)人見(jiàn)面的時(shí)候可能會(huì)談?wù)撎鞖狻?/p>
must表示肯定的推測(cè),一般用于肯定句中。
He must be in his office
他現(xiàn)在一定在辦公室里。
might表示推測(cè)時(shí)不一定是may的過(guò)去式,只是表示其可能性較小。
The man may be the
這個(gè)人可能是校長(zhǎng)。
could表示推測(cè)時(shí),語(yǔ)氣can比較弱。
—Could it be an animal?它可能是一只動(dòng)物嗎?
—It could not be,because it is not不可能,因?yàn)樗鼪](méi)有移動(dòng)。
should表示推測(cè)的可能性比較大,表示有依據(jù)或有前提的推測(cè),僅比must的可能性小一點(diǎn)。意為“按說(shuō)應(yīng)該“
It is already 10 o’clock They should be
現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)十點(diǎn)了。他們按說(shuō)應(yīng)該到了。
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)8
at,on和in:這三個(gè)介詞在試卷中的出現(xiàn)頻率極高。對(duì)于它們的的分辨只要記住一句話就可以了。at表示點(diǎn),on表示線,in表示面。什么意思呢?也就是說(shuō)它們表達(dá)的范圍逐漸增大。at six o'clock, at noon, at the age of sixteen等用at表示時(shí)刻或時(shí)間的點(diǎn)以及年齡。on具體到一周中的各天,日期及某特定的一天早上,下午,晚上:on Saturday,on July 1st,on my birthday,on the morning of July 16th,on a spring afternoon。in表達(dá)的范圍更大一些。與世紀(jì)、年代、季節(jié)、月份以及早上、上午、晚上等連用。如:in the seventh century,in 1950's ,in 20xx, in the morning等。
for,since:for表示多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。since后接時(shí)間起點(diǎn),其終點(diǎn)往往為現(xiàn)在,常與完成時(shí)連用。牢牢記住喲。
after, in:這兩個(gè)介詞都可以表示時(shí)間"在以后"的意思。其區(qū)別是:after以過(guò)去為起點(diǎn),表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的句子;in以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表示將來(lái)一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的句子。
by,with,in:by表示"以的方式,方法,手段"和"乘某種交通工具";with指"借助于具體的手段或工具";in表示"以方式,用語(yǔ)言,文字等媒介"。
for和of:試比較:It's impossible for me to watch TV after eleven o' It's kind of you to help
兩句中介詞的選擇依據(jù)其前形容詞而定,一般來(lái)說(shuō),of之前的形容詞往往是用于描寫人的品質(zhì)的好壞,人自身的`特點(diǎn),如聰明與否,細(xì)心與粗心等;for之前的形容詞用于描寫事物的特點(diǎn),如可能性,必然性,難易程度等。
好,又到了趁熱打鐵的時(shí)間了,來(lái)檢測(cè)一下你的學(xué)習(xí)成效如何?
練習(xí):
Can you tell the story ______Russian?
with
in
on
by
Here are some birthday cards ______ our teachers, ______ our best
of, with
for, with
of, in
for, in
The visitors _______Japan arrived _____ Beijing station last Tuesday morning .
from, at
of , to
from , to
of, on
He's badly hurt, we must send _____ a doctor at
to
up
on
for
Do you usually come to school ______ foot or _____- bike?
by by
on
on by
by on
--when was Jim born?
--______July, 18,in
WeiFang bought a new pen at a shop _____ her way
on
at
in
to
Don't tell anybody about Keep it a secret _______ you and
among
between
in
with
The teacher will be back ______ an
in
after
of
at
-- How long have you been in Beijing ?
--I've been here _____
in
實(shí)戰(zhàn):
______man in brown is _____friend of my fathere's .
the
The a
a
the
Here is a letter ______ It's ______your
for
to
from to
for from
The twins are ____ interested in Chinese
all
both
neither
each
It is ______ hot in Nanjing in
too much
much too
much more
so much
's too Have you got_______?
cheaper something
everything cheaper
cheaper anything
anything cheaper
--Can I go out to play football now?
--No, you You must do your homework
won't
can't
needn't
don't
The boy didn't go to bed _______ he was asked
while
since
until
as soon as
Lesson Two is ______ than Lesson One .
much difficult
much more difficult
the most difficult
little difficult
You'd better _______ here any
don't stay
not to stay
to not stay
not stay
It _______ him half an hour to ride a bike to get
spent
used
took
paid
Mrs Read doesn't know ______ for her
what will she buy
which will she buy
to buy what
what she will buy
These childern have never seen snow, _______they?
do
don't
haven't
have
Why _______ shopping at once?
don't go
not go to
didin't go
not go
The Great Wall ______ all over the world .
is being known
was known
has known
is known
My friend has worked in that
since it opened
for it opened
since it opens
since it is open
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)9
名詞是表示人、事物、地方、現(xiàn)象及其它抽象概念名稱的詞。
名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞。
專有名詞是表示具體的人、事物、地點(diǎn)、或機(jī)構(gòu)等的專有名稱。
如:Guangzhou,Mike,UNESCO等。
專有名詞一般情況下第一個(gè)字母要大寫。
普通名詞是表示一類人、事物或抽象概念的名稱。
如:police,eggs,rice等。
普通名詞又可分為個(gè)體名詞、集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。
個(gè)體名詞:表示某一類人或某一類東西中的個(gè)體。
如:monkey,panda,ruler,boy等。
集體名詞:表示一群人或一類事物的總稱。
如:family,police,class,people等。
物質(zhì)名詞:表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體或不具備確定形狀和大小的實(shí)物。
如:Water,air,milk等。
抽象名詞:表示抽象概念詞。
如:hope,love,spirit。
英語(yǔ)的名詞有可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞兩種。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞多為可數(shù)名詞,物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞多為不可數(shù)名詞。
名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則總結(jié)
規(guī)則變化
(1)一般在名詞詞尾加"-s",map—maps地圖
bird—birds鳥(niǎo)
orange—oranges桔子
bike—bikes自行車
(2)以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞加"-es"
box—boxes盒子
class—classes班級(jí)
watch—watches手表
dish-dishes盤,碟子,餐具
(3)以o結(jié)尾的無(wú)生命的名詞后面加"-s"
photo—photos相片
radio—radios收音機(jī)
zoo—zoos動(dòng)物園
以o結(jié)尾的有生命的名詞后面加"-es"
tomato—tomatoes西紅柿
potato—potatoes土豆
hero—heroes英雄
negro—negroes黑人
(4)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加"-es "
baby—babies嬰兒
family—families家庭
以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞直接加"-s"
boy—boys男孩
toy—toys玩具
(5)以fe或f結(jié)尾的名詞,把fe或f變?yōu)関加”-es “
knife—knives小刀
wife—wives妻子
leaf—leaves樹(shù)葉。
不規(guī)則變化
(1)child---children
foot---feet
tooth---teeth
mouse---mice
man---men
woman---women
注意:與man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。
如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。
但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans。
Bowman是姓,其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
(2)單復(fù)同形的'名詞
如:deer鹿,sheep綿羊,fish魚,Chinese中國(guó)人,Japanese日本人
li里,jin斤,yuan元
注意:除人民幣的元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
(3)集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。
如:people人,police警察,cattle牛等本身就是復(fù)數(shù),不能說(shuō)a people,a police,a
但可以說(shuō)a person,a policeman,a head of cattle
the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss等名詞,表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí),作復(fù)數(shù)用。
如:The Chinese are hard-working and
中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。
以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞
(1)maths數(shù)學(xué),politics政治(學(xué)),physics物理學(xué)等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。
(2)news消息、新聞是不可數(shù)名詞。
(3)the United States美國(guó),the United Nations聯(lián)合國(guó)應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。
(4)以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也視為單數(shù)。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。
注意兩點(diǎn)
(1)表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡) trousers, clothes若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞pair(對(duì),雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
(2)還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚
不可數(shù)名詞
不可數(shù)名詞意味著這些名詞只能是單數(shù),沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,不能與數(shù)目字如one, two等連用,也不能加不定冠詞a(n)。
不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)之分,但我們?cè)谏钪杏袝r(shí)候又必需給這些詞計(jì)量,我們于是采用這種方法:a+表示這些東西的單位+of+不可數(shù)名詞,如:a cup of tea,a box of milk,a piece of paper等。
如果為了表示多個(gè)的概念,我們就將表示這些東西的單位變成復(fù)數(shù)即可。
如:a cup of tea---3 cups of tea,a box of milk---12 boxes of milk,A piece of paper---100 pieces of paper
【注意】
當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。例如:
Cake is a kind of蛋糕是一種食物(不可數(shù))
These cakes are這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數(shù))
當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí),可數(shù)。例如:
This factory produces這個(gè)工廠生產(chǎn)鋼材。(不可數(shù))
We need various我們需要各種各樣的鋼材。(可數(shù))
當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí),可數(shù)。例如:
Our country is famous for我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。
Two teas,請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。
抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如:
four freedoms四大自由
the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)10
(一)感嘆句
表示喜怒哀樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情時(shí)用感嘆句。感嘆句分為兩種,一種以what引導(dǎo),一種以how引導(dǎo)。句尾用感嘆號(hào)“!”。用降調(diào)。
What a clever boy he is!多么聰明的小男孩啊!
How clever the boy is!這小男孩多聰明啊!
what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句
句型:
(1)what + a/an +形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))
What a beautiful city it is!這是一個(gè)多么美麗的城市啊!
What an interesting story she told!她講了一個(gè)多么有趣的故事啊!
(2)what+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))
What expensive watches they are!它們時(shí)多么昂貴的手表啊!
What terrible weather it is!這是多么糟糕的天氣啊!
how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句
句型:
(1)How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))
How hot it is today!今天天氣多么熱啊!
How hard he works!他工作多么努力啊!
(2)How+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))
How he loves his son!他多愛(ài)他的兒子啊!
(3)How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))
How tall a tree it is!這是一棵多么高的樹(shù)啊!
上述兩種感嘆句可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。
What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!
What a hot day it is today!→How hot it is today!
【注意】what和how引導(dǎo)的`兩種感嘆句,在口語(yǔ)中常用簡(jiǎn)略式,即省略后一部分(陳述句部分)如:
How cold!多冷啊!
What heavy traffic!交通多擠啊!
比較:感嘆句和特殊疑問(wèn)句
感嘆句:How busy you are!(陳述句語(yǔ)序)你多么忙啊!
疑問(wèn)句:How busy are you?(疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序)你有多忙?
這兩種句子的根本區(qū)別在于:感嘆句后面是陳述句語(yǔ)序,而疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序要顛倒。
(二)祈使句
祈使句表示請(qǐng)求、命令、建議等等。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一律用原形。句子中通常不用主語(yǔ),句末用驚嘆號(hào)或者句號(hào),用降調(diào)。
肯定的祈使句
句型:動(dòng)詞原形do+(省略主語(yǔ))
Be careful!小心!
Stand起立。
有時(shí),為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,可以在動(dòng)詞之前加do
Do sit務(wù)必請(qǐng)坐。
Do study一定要努力學(xué)習(xí)。
否定的祈使句
句型:Don't +動(dòng)詞原形do
Don't swim in the別在河里游泳。
Don't be別遲到。Please don't be
請(qǐng)不要大聲喧嘩。
用客氣的語(yǔ)氣表示祈使句時(shí),可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句尾加please,那在please之前一定要加一個(gè)逗號(hào)“,”。
Go this way,請(qǐng)這邊走。
祈使句中如果有喚語(yǔ),一定要用逗號(hào)“,”隔開(kāi),放在句首或句尾。
Li Ming,come李明,過(guò)來(lái)。
Come here,Li過(guò)來(lái),李明。
【注意】
(1)表示禁止時(shí),尤其是標(biāo)語(yǔ)等也可用“No+動(dòng)名詞”來(lái)表示。
No禁止吸煙。
No禁止停車。
(2)Let's包括對(duì)方,Let us不包括對(duì)方。反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)最明顯。
Let's go,shall we?咱們?nèi)グ,怎么?
Let us go,will you?讓我們?nèi)グ,行?(征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn))
回答Let's do sth的反意疑問(wèn)句句型時(shí),肯定時(shí)用Yes,let'否定時(shí)用NO,let's
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)11
1.要點(diǎn)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài),常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:
Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
(2)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如:
The earth goes round the sun.
2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的`動(dòng)作,常與now, at present等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:
What are you doing now?
(2)和always, continually等連用,表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作,常含有某種情感。如:
He is always doing good deeds.
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去,常與just, already, so far, once, never等詞連用。如:
Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如:
I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We're going to see a film next Monday.
5、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如:
It happened many years ago.
6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如:
The train had already left before we arrived.
8、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
表示說(shuō)話人從過(guò)去的角度來(lái)看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
He said he would come, but he didn't.
9、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài),以give為例。
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)12
賓語(yǔ)從句是中考英語(yǔ)的必考點(diǎn),會(huì)出現(xiàn)于中考英語(yǔ)的各個(gè)題型中,因此是同學(xué)們必須要掌握的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)之一。中考英語(yǔ)對(duì)于賓語(yǔ)從句的考查,主要集中于時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)序兩點(diǎn)。讓我們一起走近賓語(yǔ)從句,看看它的真身吧!
(一)賓語(yǔ)從句的含義
在整個(gè)句子中做賓語(yǔ)的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。
如:She knew that the teacher had seen the
她知道這位老師看過(guò)這部電影。
(“that the teacher had seen the film”做knew的賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)又是由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的從句,所以它叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。)
(二)賓語(yǔ)從句的.分類
動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句:顧名思義,它是位于動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
例如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our他問(wèn)我們班上誰(shuí)的書法最好。
介詞賓語(yǔ)從句:顧名思義,它是位于介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
例如:I agree with what you said just我同意你剛才說(shuō)的話。
形容詞賓語(yǔ)從句:顧名思義,它是位于形容詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
例如:I am afraid that I will be恐怕我要遲到了。
(三)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
that:沒(méi)有含義,在賓語(yǔ)從句中不做成分
表示是否,在賓語(yǔ)從句中不做成分。
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many我不知道這么多年后,他是否還住在這里。
連接代詞:what, which, who, whom, whose(在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主、賓、表和定語(yǔ))
連接副詞:where, when, how, why(在賓語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ))
The small children don't know what is in their (what在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ))
這些小孩子不知道什么在他們的長(zhǎng)筒襪里。
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?(why在賓語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ))
你能告訴我為什么你今天早上開(kāi)會(huì)遲到嗎?
(四)在做賓語(yǔ)從句的題目時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)
時(shí)態(tài)
、佼(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
I don't know when he will come我不知道他將何時(shí)回來(lái)。
He tells me that his sister came back他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來(lái)了。
、诋(dāng)主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句必須是一種過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it她問(wèn)我是否知道這是誰(shuí)的鋼筆。
He said that he could finish his work before他說(shuō)他會(huì)在晚飯前完成工作。
、郛(dāng)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理的句子做賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),任何時(shí)候都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the老師說(shuō)過(guò)地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
語(yǔ)序
任何從句都使用陳述句語(yǔ)序,賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)然也不例外。
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)13
I.要點(diǎn)
1、連詞的種類
(1)并列連詞用來(lái)連接并列關(guān)系的'詞、短語(yǔ)或分句,如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2)從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句,如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了從屬連詞(引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句)外,還有其它可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導(dǎo)名詞性從句),關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞(引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)。
2、常用連詞舉例
(1) and和,并且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and和,既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but但是,而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or或…或…,要么…要么…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因?yàn)?/p>
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however然而,可是
At first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also)不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or或者,否則
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so因此,所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although雖然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as一…就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because因?yàn)?/p>
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
(14) unless除非,如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15) until直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動(dòng)詞用于not… until結(jié)構(gòu))
He stayed there until eleven.
(16) while當(dāng)…時(shí)候,而(表示對(duì)比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17) for因?yàn)?/p>
He was ill, for he didn't come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來(lái)的)
(18) since自從…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19) hardly… when一…就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20) as far as就…來(lái)說(shuō)
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)
英語(yǔ)初中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)14
1,一日三餐前:I have lunch我吃中餐
2,球類,棋類,I play chess我下象棋,Iplayfootball我踢足球
3,星期I go to school on Monday我在星期一去上學(xué)
4,月份:Children’s Day is in June兒童節(jié)在六月
5,年份He was born in2002他出生于2002年
6,節(jié)日前:On Teachers’ Day在教師節(jié)
7,學(xué)科前:I have math class我上數(shù)學(xué)課
8,語(yǔ)言:I speak English well我說(shuō)英語(yǔ)很好
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